It ’ S Complicated : Direct Vs . Incentive - Based Land Conservation in Mexico
نویسنده
چکیده
Protected areas (PAs) and payments for ecosystem services (PES) are key global land conservation policies, yet there are few empirical comparisons of their impacts. We study how PAs and PES affected forest conservation, poverty reduction and population change at the locality level in Mexico in the past decade. We find that both generated an approximately 20% reduction in expected forest cover loss; PES created statistically significant but small poverty alleviation while PAs were neutral for livelihoods; and neither substantially influenced population. Protected areas were more cost-effective in terms of budgetary dollars spent but PES likely attracted more land with low opportunity cost of production. Separating parks by category, biosphere reserves were closest to a " win-win " for forests and livelihoods. Overall, the paper demonstrates that both direct and incentive-based conservation mechanisms can be effective, but their success on conservation vs. development dimensions depends in complicated ways on interactions with local conditions.
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